Similar to the release of bacterial DNA following sepsis, the mitochondrial DNA released by severe trauma can also act through the toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9) to activate neutrophils by activating p38 ...

Due to their similarities to bacteria, mitochondria can actually trigger severe illness in humans. How can organelles inside our bodies suddenly become a threat? What evidence did Margulis use to ...

Identification of the mechanisms of innate immune sensors is fundamental to the understanding of health and disease. The pattern recognition receptor (PRR) subfamily of nucleotide-binding ...