There is increasing interest in convection in local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE) porous media. This is where the solid skeleton and the fluid may have different temperatures. There is also ...

Recent advances have significantly deepened our understanding of how systems evolve when driven far from equilibrium. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics examines energy flows, dissipation and entropy ...

However, conventional energy-harvesting methods are constrained by the laws of thermodynamics. In systems that rely on thermal equilibrium, these laws impose fundamental caps on heat conversion ...