The term “plasmid” was coined by Joshua Lederberg in 1952 to describe extrachromosomal genetic elements observed during studies of bacterial conjugation and antibiotic resistance. Their transformation ...

Microbiome engineering is at the forefront of improving human health and agricultural productivity. It aims to enhance ecosystem function by altering microbe composition. This can be accomplished ...

Engineers and biologists at Dartmouth College have found that, just like word order affects meaning in a sentence, the placement of genes within a plasmid—known as gene syntax—can influence how ...