A networking topology choice that is easily misunderstood. There are many questions that come to mind when selecting a Layer 2 vs Layer 3 network topology for audio systems. Surprisingly, most of it ...

The idea of a layer comes from two worlds, each of which uses a layered approach in a distinct manner: the world of money, and the world of networks. In this article we will briefly explore both ...

In case you have engaged yourself in research relating to cryptocurrencies or blockchain, you would have definitely come across terms like layer one and layer two protocols. However, it is possible ...

Getting started on designing a network is a task of formidable proportions, but all the more so if you are looking to build a secure IT network. Often, IT system administrators are not fully familiar ...

What is a network protocol? Most textbook writers state something like this: A network protocol is a set of guidelines or standards for the operation of network devices, the methods of operation, and ...

Every telecom system is bursting with information about subscribers, services and devices—not to mention the telco's network equipment and operational status. This data is both sensitive and necessary ...

Generalized Multi-protocol Label Switching extends net intelligence from the network edge through the core and back to the edge under a unified control plane. Carriers are seeking to gain efficiencies ...

According to the OSI Model, the session layer is where connections are established, managed, and torn down. For connection-oriented network protocols, understanding how the session layer works, and ...

I like to think of the transport layer as the layer of the OSI Model that enables more interesting traffic. While we network engineers may love a lot of the simpler uses of the IP protocol and ...