Delay differential equations (DDEs) extend the classical framework of differential equations by incorporating terms that depend on past states, thus capturing the intrinsic time delays found in many ...

Introduces ordinary differential equations, systems of linear equations, matrices, determinants, vector spaces, linear transformations, and systems of linear differential equations. Prereq., APPM 1360 ...

Heun functions, which generalise the well‐known hypergeometric functions, are solutions to the Heun differential equation – a second‐order linear differential equation with four regular singular ...