The internal crack structure of coal significantly influences its deformation and failure. Hence, quantitatively characterizing the crack features and their evolutionary patterns in coal is crucial.

The dynamic crack propagation trajectories play a crucial role in enhancing our understanding of spatial mechanisms involved in crack expansion. However, visualization of internal cracks under complex ...

(a) An illustrative map for Crack-Net, including the initial features, looping solver for data generation, model training, and prediction performance. (b) The Crack-Net architecture, which utilizes ...